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In addition to the role of iron metabolism in ferroptosis, an increasing number of other metabolic pathways have been implicated in ferroptosis, including the cyst(e)ine/glutathione (GSH)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) axis, the guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1)/tetrahydrobiopterin (BH 4 )/dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) axis, and the ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1)/ coenzyme Q (CoQ) axis [8]

Administration routes Different peptides favor different administration routes, and the choice can significantly affect both bioavailability and the distribution of effects throughout the body

In contrast, an increased spermidine/spermine ratio (resulting from a spermine synthase gene mutation in mice) was linked to increased anxiety, downregulated mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and ribosomal protein synthesis in the cerebral cortex, as well as impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics in isolated primary fibroblasts (Akinyele et al

Kapaa A, Szlendak M, Motacka E